Overview
John Locke (1632–1704) was the English philosopher of empiricism and liberal politics whose Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government defined a century’s agenda. Associated with Shaftesbury and the Glorious Revolution settlement, he wrote on toleration, education, and money. Handbook dates: 1632–1704. He spent exile years in Holland before 1689’s return.
Main ideas
The mind at birth is without innate speculative principles; ideas come from sensation and reflection. Primary qualities resemble external powers; secondary qualities do not. Personal identity rests on continuity of consciousness, not bare substance. Natural rights to life, liberty, and property constrain government by consent and trust. Tyranny dissolves political obligation and may justify resistance. Religious toleration (with noted exclusions) follows from the limits of magisterial force over belief.
Major works
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
- Two Treatises of Government
- A Letter Concerning Toleration
- Some Thoughts Concerning Education
Legacy
Locke framed Anglo-American constitutionalism and empiricist psychology. Property theory remains contested by left and right. Classroom modernity often begins with the Essay and Second Treatise.
Themes in this archive
Experience (2) · Justice (2) · Humanity (1) · Freedom (1) · Knowledge (1)
Quotes by theme
John Locke on experience · John Locke on knowledge · John Locke on equality